{"id":60,"date":"2011-02-11T19:20:00","date_gmt":"2011-02-11T22:20:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/scienceblogs.com.br\/colecionadores\/2011\/02\/o-que-todo-mundo-deveria-saber-sobre-paleontologia\/"},"modified":"2011-02-11T19:20:00","modified_gmt":"2011-02-11T22:20:00","slug":"o-que-todo-mundo-deveria-saber-sobre-paleontologia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/2011\/02\/11\/o-que-todo-mundo-deveria-saber-sobre-paleontologia\/","title":{"rendered":"&#062;&#034;O que todo mundo deveria saber sobre paleontologia??&#034;"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&gt;<\/p>\n<div dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: left\">\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Uma boa pergunta! <a href=\"http:\/\/www.geol.umd.edu\/faculty\/HOLTZ\/holtz.html\">Dr. Thomas Holtz<\/a> aceita o desafio responde com uma lista de conceitos chave baseado na sua experi\u00eancia como professor de paleontologia e geologia hist\u00f3rica.<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both;text-align: center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/2.bp.blogspot.com\/_lPcsete3sUo\/TVCQ0BLasaI\/AAAAAAAADCA\/wyP38mbpvGI\/s1600\/100_0382.jpg\" data-rel=\"lightbox-image-0\" data-rl_title=\"\" data-rl_caption=\"\" title=\"\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" border=\"0\" height=\"320\" src=\"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/243\/2011\/02\/100_0382.jpg\" width=\"240\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n<div class=\"separator\" style=\"clear: both;text-align: center\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #b45f06;font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: x-small\">Dr. Thomas Holtz discorre sobre a vis\u00e3o binocular de <i>Tyrannosaurus. Fonte: <\/i><\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/forgottenarchosaurs.blogspot.com\/\">http:\/\/forgottenarchosaurs.blogspot.com\/<\/a><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">O texto original est\u00e1 em ingl\u00eas e \u00e9 retransmitido a partir do link abaixo:<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><b><a href=\"http:\/\/forgottenarchosaurs.blogspot.com\/2011\/02\/what-should-everyone-know-about.html?spref=bl\">\u201cWhat Should Everyone Know About Paleontology?\u201d &#8211; &#8230;<\/a>: &#8220;The title question was recently asked by Roberto Takata on the Dinosaur Mailing List and Dr. Tom Holtz took up the challenge. I have re-post&#8230;&#8221; Fonte: <i><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange\">Crurotarsi: The forgotten Archosaurs<\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><b><i><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange\"><br \/><\/span><\/i><\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange\">Dr. Thomas Holtz \u00e9 Ph.D. pela Yale University e Senior Lecturer pela University of Maryland, onde tamb\u00e9m \u00e9 diretor do programa Earth, Life and Time. Trabalha com evolu\u00e7\u00e3o, morfologia funcional, biomec\u00e2nica e tend\u00eancias adaptativas dos grandes grupos de vertebrados extintos, especialmente dinossauros ter\u00f3podes. Seu web site <a href=\"http:\/\/www.geol.umd.edu\/~tholtz\/index.html\">AQUI<\/a>. <\/span><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><i><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange\"><br \/><\/span><\/i><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Para facilitar o acesso dos falantes da l\u00edngua portuguesa, no entanto, demos uma m\u00e3ozinha e traduzimos &#8230;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><b><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size: large\">&#8220;O que todos devem saber sobre Paleontologia?&#8221; <\/span><\/b><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"\u201cWhat Should Everyone Know About Paleontology?\u201d\"><b><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: orange\"><\/span><\/b><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.\"><b>Por Thomas R. Holtz Jr. <\/b><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"Thomas R. Holtz, Jr.\"><b><br \/><\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"I think that is a good question.\">Acredito que esta \u00e9 uma boa pergunta. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"What really are the most important elements of paleontology that the general public should understand?\"><b>Quais s\u00e3o os elementos mais importantes da paleontologia que o p\u00fablico geral deve compreender?<\/b> F<\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"I took a shot at coming up with a list of key concepts, based on experiences with teaching paleontology and historical geology and with less-formally structured outreach to the public.\">igurei uma lista de conceitos-chave, baseados em experi\u00eancias com o ensino da paleontologia e da geologia hist\u00f3rica, e tamb\u00e9m experi\u00eancias menos formais de divulga\u00e7\u00e3o. O<\/span><span title=\"I have offered this list (cross posted at the Sauropod Vertebrae Picture of the Week, Dave Hone's Archosaur Musings, and Superoceras blogs) as a way for it to reach a wider audience.\">fereci essa lista como uma maneira de alcan\u00e7ar um p\u00fablico amplo, e, aproveitando que esta \u00e9 a &#8220;Semana de Darwin&#8221;, isto se tornou ainda mais apropriado: <i>acredito que devemos utilizar esta ocasi\u00e3o para encorajar uma melhor compreens\u00e3o das mudan\u00e7as da Terra e da vida atrav\u00e9s do tempo geol\u00f3gico.<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Much as I might like to think otherwise, the specific details of the hindlimb function of Tyrannosaurus rex or the pneumatic features of brachiosaurid vertebrae really are not the most important elements of the field.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Much as I might like to think otherwise, the specific details of the hindlimb function of Tyrannosaurus rex or the pneumatic features of brachiosaurid vertebrae really are not the most important elements of the field.\">Por mais que eu gostasse de pensar de outra forma, os detalhes espec\u00edficos da fun\u00e7\u00e3o dos membros de<i> Tyrannosaurus rex<\/i> ou as caracter\u00edsticas das v\u00e9rtebras pneum\u00e1ticas dos saur\u00f3podes realmente n\u00e3o s\u00e3o os elementos mais importantes do campo da paleontologia. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Understanding and appreciating the nitty gritty details of the phylogeny and anatomy of any particular branch of the Tree of Life are not really necessary for everyone to know, any more than we would regard detailed knowledge of bacterial biochemistry or the partitioning of minerals in a magma chamber\">Compreender e apreciar os pequenos pormenores da filogenia ou anatomia de cada ramo espec\u00edfico da \u00c1rvore da Vida n\u00e3o s\u00e3o conhecimentos realmente necess\u00e1rios para todos. N\u00e3o s\u00e3o mais significantes do que o conhecimento detalhado da bioqu\u00edmica bacteriana ou da divis\u00e3o de minerais em uma c\u00e2mara de magma<\/span><span title=\"to be significant general knowledge.\"> <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(Indeed, these latter two items are actually far more critical for human society than any specific aspect of paleontology, and so from a certain point of view really more important for people to know than the History of Life.)\">(Na verdade, estes dois \u00faltimos itens afetariam muito mais a sociedade humana do que qualquer aspecto espec\u00edfico da paleontologia. Sob este ponto de vista, portanto, ser<br \/>\niam muito mais importantes para a ci\u00eancia da sociedade do que a pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria da vida.)<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That said, all human societies and many individuals have wondered about where we have come from and how the world came to be the way it is.\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That said, all human societies and many individuals have wondered about where we have come from and how the world came to be the way it is.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That said, all human societies and many individuals have wondered about where we have come from and how the world came to be the way it is.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><br \/><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That said, all human societies and many individuals have wondered about where we have come from and how the world came to be the way it is.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That said, all human societies and many individuals have wondered about where we have come from and how the world came to be the way it is.\">Dito isto, todas as sociedades humanas e muitos indiv\u00edduos se perguntam de onde viemos e como o mundo veio a ser do jeito que est\u00e1. <\/span><span title=\"This is, in my opinion, the greatest contribution of paleontology: it gives us the Story of Earth and Life, and especially our own story.\">Esta \u00e9, na minha opini\u00e3o, <b>a maior contribui\u00e7\u00e3o da paleontologia<\/b>: <span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"color: #b45f06\"><i>ela nos d\u00e1 um vislumbre da hist\u00f3ria da Terra e da Vida, e especialmente nos ajuda a contar a nossa pr\u00f3pria hist\u00f3ria. <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"I have divided this list into two sections.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"I have divided this list into two sections.\"><span title=\"I have divided this list into two sections.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"I have divided this list into two sections.\"><span title=\"I have divided this list into two sections.\">Dividi a lista em duas se\u00e7\u00f5es. A<\/span><span title=\"The first is a list of general topics of paleontology, touching on the main elements of geology that someone would need to know for fossils to make any sense.\"> primeira parte re\u00fane temas gerais da paleontologia, abrangendo os principais elementos da geologia que algu\u00e9m precisa saber para que o registro f\u00f3ssil fa\u00e7a algum sentido; e a segunda parte,<\/span><span title=\"The second is the more specific list of key points in the history of life.\"> mais espec\u00edfica, re\u00fane pontos-chave sobre a hist\u00f3ria da vida na Terra.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><i>(NOTA: como a id\u00e9ia desta lista \u00e9 destin\u00e1-la ao p\u00fablico em geral, eu tentei evitar a terminologia t\u00e9cnica sempre que poss\u00edvel). <\/i><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><b>GERAL: <\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\">&#8212; Que as rochas s\u00e3o produzidas por v\u00e1rios fatores (da eros\u00e3o \u00e0 sedimenta\u00e7\u00e3o; pelo metamorfismo, por atividade vulc\u00e2nica, etc);<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; Que as rochas n\u00e3o se formam em um \u00fanico momento no tempo, mas em vez disso t\u00eam sido e continuam a ser geradas ao longo da hist\u00f3ria do planeta; <\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That rocks did not form at a single moment in time, but instead have been and continue to be generated throughout the history of the planet.\"><\/span><span title=\"That fossils are remains of organisms or traces of their behavior recorded in those rocks.\">&#8212; Que os f\u00f3sseis s\u00e3o restos ou vest\u00edgios de organismos e\/ou de seu comportamento registrado nas rochas;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"That fossils are remains of organisms or traces of their behavior recorded in those rocks.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That rocks (and the organisms that made the fossils) can be thousands, millions, or even billions of years old.\">&#8212; Que as rochas (e os organismos que produziram os f\u00f3sseis) podem ter milhares, milh\u00f5es ou at\u00e9 bilh\u00f5es de anos; <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That rocks (and the organisms that made the fossils) can be thousands, millions, or even billions of years old.\"><\/span><span title=\"That the species discovered as fossils, and the communities of organisms at each place and time, are different from the same in the modern world and from each other.\">&#8212; Que esp\u00e9cies  f\u00f3sseis e as comunidades de organismos extintos encontrados em diferentes espa\u00e7os geogr\u00e1ficos e per\u00edodo de tempo diferem daquelas atuais e tamb\u00e9m entre si;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"That the species discovered as fossils, and the communities of organisms at each place and time, are different from the same in the modern world and from each other.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That despite these differences that there is continuity between life in the past and life in the present: this continuity is a record of the evolution of life.\">&#8212; Que, apesar dessas diferen\u00e7as existe continuida<br \/>\nde entre a vida no passado e a vida no presente, e essa continuidade \u00e9 um registro da evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da vida; <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That despite these differences that there is continuity between life in the past and life in the present: this continuity is a record of the evolution of life.\"><\/span><span title=\"That we can use fossils, in conjunction with anatomical, molecular, and developmental data of living forms, to reconstruct the evolutionary pattern of life through time.\">&#8212; Que podemos usar os f\u00f3sseis, em conjunto com os dados anat\u00f4micos, moleculares e do desenvolvimento de formas de vida, para reconstruir o padr\u00e3o evolutivo da vida atrav\u00e9s do tempo;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"That we can use fossils, in conjunction with anatomical, molecular, and developmental data of living forms, to reconstruct the evolutionary pattern of life through time.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That fossils are incomplete remains of once-living things, and that in order to reconstruct how the organisms that produced them actually lived, we can:\">&#8212; Que os f\u00f3sseis s\u00e3o restos incompletos de coisas outrora vivas e que para reconstruir a maneira como os organismos que os produziram viveram, podemos:<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That fossils are incomplete remains of once-living things, and that in order to reconstruct how the organisms that produced them actually lived, we can:\"> <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Document their anatomy (both gross external and with the use of CT scanning internal), and compare them to the anatomy of living creatures in order to estimate their function;\">     &#8212; Documentar sua anatomia (tanto externa como interna &#8211; esta \u00faltima com a utiliza\u00e7\u00e3o de CT Scan), e compar\u00e1-la com a dos seres vivos atuais, a fim de estimar a sua fun\u00e7\u00e3o;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Document their anatomy (both gross external and with the use of CT scanning internal), and compare them to the anatomy of living creatures in order to estimate their function;\"> <\/span><span title=\"Examine their chemical composition, which can reveal aspects of their biochemistry;\">     &#8212; Examinar a sua composi\u00e7\u00e3o qu\u00edmica para revelar aspectos de sua bioqu\u00edmica;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"Examine their chemical composition, which can reveal aspects of their biochemistry;\"> <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Examine their microstructure to estimate patterns of growth;\">     &#8212; Examinar sua microestrutura para estimar padr\u00f5es de crescimento;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Examine their microstructure to estimate patterns of growth;\"> <\/span><span title=\"Model their biomechanical functions using computers and other engineering techniques;\">     &#8212; Modelar de suas fun\u00e7\u00f5es biomec\u00e2nicas utilizando t\u00e9cnicas de engenharia e outros;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"Model their biomechanical functions using computers and other engineering techniques;\"> <\/span><span title=\"Investigate their footprints, burrows, and other traces to reveal the motion and other actions of the species while they were alive;\">     &#8212; Investigar as suas pegadas, tocas e outros vest\u00edgios, a fim de revelar aspectos de sua locomo\u00e7\u00e3o e outros comportamentos enquanto estavam vivos;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"Investigate their footprints, burrows, and other traces to reveal the motion and other actions of the species while they were alive;\"> <\/span><span title=\"And collect information of the various species that lived together in order to reconstruct past communities.\">     &#8212; E coletar informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre as v\u00e1rias esp\u00e9cies que viveram juntos, a fim de reconstruir as comunidades passado. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"And collect information of the various species that lived together in order to reconstruct past communities.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"However, with all that, fossils are necessarily incomplete, and there will always be information about past life which we might very much want to know, but which has been forever lost.\">&#8212; No entanto, mesmo com tudo isso, os f\u00f3sseis ainda s\u00e3o necessariamente registros incompletos, e sempre haver\u00e3o informa\u00e7\u00f5es sobre a vida do passado que estar\u00e3o perdidas para sempre. <\/span><span title=\"Accepting this is very important when working with paleontology.\">Aceitar isso \u00e9 muito importante quando se trabalha com a paleontologia. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"Accepting this is very important when working with paleontology.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That environments of the past were different from the present.\">&#8212; Que os ambientes do passado eram diferentes dos atuais. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That environments of the past were different from the present.\"><\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That there have been episodes of time when major fractions of the living world w\nere extinguished in a very short period of time: such data could not be known without the fossil record.\">&#8212; Que t\u00eam havido epis\u00f3dios catastr\u00f3ficos em que fra\u00e7\u00f5es importantes do mundo dos seres vivos foram extintas em um per\u00edodo muito curto de tempo: esses dados n\u00e3o poderiam ser conhecidos sem o registro f\u00f3ssil;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That there have been episodes of time when major fractions of the living world were extinguished in a very short period of time: such data could not be known without the fossil record.\">&#8212; <\/span><span title=\"That entire branches of the tree of life have perished (sometimes in these mass extinction events, sometimes more gradually).\">Que ramos inteiros da \u00e1rvore da vida morreram (por vezes em eventos de extin\u00e7\u00e3o em massa, mas tamb\u00e9m \u00e0s vezes de forma gradual). <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"That entire branches of the tree of life have perished (sometimes in these mass extinction events, sometimes more gradually).\"><\/span><span title=\"That certain modes of life (reef formers, fast-swimming marine predators, large-bodied terrestrial browsers, etc.) have been occupied by very different groups of organisms at different periods of Earth History.\">&#8212; Que certos nichos (de formadores de recifes, de predadores marinhos velozes, de herb\u00edvoros terrestres de grande porte, etc) foram ocupadas por grupos diferentes de organismos em diferentes per\u00edodos da Hist\u00f3ria da Terra;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"That certain modes of life (reef formers, fast-swimming marine predators, large-bodied terrestrial browsers, etc.) have been occupied by very different groups of organisms at different periods of Earth History.\">&#8212; <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\">Que toda esp\u00e9cie vivente, cada organismo, tem um ancestral comum com todas os outros seres vivos em pelo menos algum momento na Hist\u00f3ria de Vida.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><b>ESPEC\u00cdFICOS<\/b>:<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Honestly, despite the fact the specific issues about specific parts of the Tree of Life are the ones that paleontologists, the news media, the average citizen, etc., are more concerned with, they really are much less significant for the general public to know\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Honestly, despite the fact the specific issues about specific parts of the Tree of Life are the ones that paleontologists, the news media, the average citizen, etc., are more concerned with, they really are much less significant for the general public to know\">Apesar do fato de quest\u00f5es espec\u00edficas dentro da paleontologia serem as que mais atraem os paleont\u00f3logos, a m\u00eddia, e o cidad\u00e3o m\u00e9dio, etc,  elas s\u00e3o muito pouco significativas para o p\u00fablico geral<\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"than the points above.\">. Os pontos acima s\u00e3o <i>muito mais importantes<\/i>. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Sadly, documentary companies and the like keep on forgetting that, and keep on forgetting that a lot of the public does not know the above points.\">Infelizmente, as empresas de document\u00e1rio e similares esquecem disso e uma grande parte do p\u00fablico permanece ignorante.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><br \/><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">Realmente, no panorama geral, a distin\u00e7\u00e3o entre os dinossauros, pterossauros e crurotarsos s\u00e3o trivialidades em compara\u00e7\u00e3o com a compreens\u00e3o b\u00e1sica de que<b> o registro f\u00f3ssil \u00e9 o nosso documento da hist\u00f3ria da vida e as mudan\u00e7as da Terra. <\/b><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Summarizing the key points of the history of life over nearly 4 billion years of evolutionary history is a big task.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Summarizing the key points of the history of life over nearly 4 billion years of evolutionary history is a big task.\">Resumir os pontos-chave da hist\u00f3ria da vida sobre a quase 4 bilh\u00f5es de anos de hist\u00f3ria evolutiva \u00e9 uma grande tarefa. <\/span><span title=\"After all, there is a tendency to focus on the spectacular and sensationalized rather than the ordinary and humdrum.\">Afinal, h\u00e1 uma tend\u00eancia a concentrar-se naquilo que \u00e9 espectacular e sensacionalista, em detrimento do que \u00e9 o comum e no rotineiro. <\/span><span title=\"As Stephen Jay Gould and others often remarked, from a purely objective external standpoint we have always lived in the Age of Bacteria, and the changing panoply of animals and plants during the last half-billion years have only been superficial changes.\">Como Stephen Jay Gould<br \/>\n e outros pesquisadores muitas vezes observaram, de um ponto de vista externo e puramente objetivo, n\u00f3s sempre vivemos na Era das Bact\u00e9rias e as mudan\u00e7as <\/span><\/span><\/span>no \u00faltimo meio bilh\u00e3o de anos quanto a animais e plantas, foram apenas superficiais<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"But the question wasn't \u201cwhat should a dispassionate outsider regard as the modal aspect of the History of Life?\u201d; it was \u201cWhat should everyone know about paleontology?\u201d Since we are terrestrial mammals of the latest Cenozoic, we have a natural\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"But the question wasn't \u201cwhat should a dispassionate outsider regard as the modal aspect of the History of Life?\u201d; it was \u201cWhat should everyone know about paleontology?\u201d Since we are terrestrial mammals of the latest Cenozoic, we have a natural\">Mas a quest\u00e3o n\u00e3o era &#8220;o que deve um estrangeiro sem paix\u00e3o ter como o aspecto modal da Hist\u00f3ria da Vida? &#8220;, mas:  &#8220;O que todos devem saber sobre paleontologia?&#8221;.  Desde que somos mam\u00edferos terrestres do final do Cenoz\u00f3ico, temos um <\/span><span title=\"interest in events on the land and during the most recent parts of Earth History.\">interesse natural  por eventos continentais  e que ocorreram na parte mais recente da Hist\u00f3ria da Terra. <\/span><\/span><\/span>Isso \u00e9 um vi\u00e9s justo: ele se concentra em quem somos <u><b>n\u00f3s<\/b><\/u> e de onde <b><u>n\u00f3s<\/u><\/b> viemos. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"That is a fair bias: it does focus on who WE are and where WE come from.\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"border-collapse: collapse;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"That said, here is a list of key concepts in the history of life.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"That said, here is a list of key concepts in the history of life.\">Dito isto, aqui est\u00e1 uma lista de conceitos-chave na hist\u00f3ria de vida. <\/span><span title=\"Other researchers might pick other moments, and not include some that I have here.\">Outros pesquisadores poder\u00e3o escolher outros momentos, ou n\u00e3o concordar com alguns que considero importantes. <\/span><span title=\"Still, I believe most such lists would have many of the same key points within them.\">Ainda assim, acredito que a maioria dos itens dessa lista coincidem com os de colegas:<\/span><\/span><br \/><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"Still, I believe most such lists would have many of the same key points within them.\"><br \/><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; A vida desenvolveu-se pela primeira vez no mar, e por quase toda a sua hist\u00f3ria foi confinada ali; <\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"For most of Life's history, organisms were single-celled only.\">&#8212; Durante a maior parte da hist\u00f3ria da vida os organismos foram unicelulares <\/span><span title=\"(And today, most of the diversity remains single-celled).\">(E hoje, a maior parte da diversidade continua a ser unicelular);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"The evolution of photosynthesis was a critical event in the history of Earth and Life; living things were able to affect the planet and its chemistry on a global scale.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"The evolution of photosynthesis was a critical event in the history of Earth and Life; living things were able to affect the planet and its chemistry on a global scale.\">&#8212; A evolu\u00e7\u00e3o da fotoss\u00edntese foi um evento cr\u00edtico na hist\u00f3ria da Terra e da Vida: as coisas vivas foram capazes de afetar o planeta e sua qu\u00edmica em uma escala global;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Multicellular life evolved independently several times.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, an\nd every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Multicellular life evolved independently several times.\">&#8212; A vida multicelular evoluiu repetidas vezes independentemente;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Early animals were all marine forms.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8212; As primeiras formas animais foram todas marinhas; <\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"The major groups of animals diverged from each other before they had the ability to make complex hard parts.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8212; Os principais grupos de animais divergiram entre si antes mesmo de terem a capacidade de produzir partes duras complexas; <\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"About 540 million years ago, the ability to make hard parts became possible across a wide swath of the animal tree of life, and a much better fossil record happened.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8212; H\u00e1 cerca de 540 milh\u00f5es de anos, a capacidade de produzir partes duras tornou-se poss\u00edvel para uma ampla faixa de grupos animais: a partir disso, o registro f\u00f3ssil tornou-se muito mais bem marcado;<\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"Plants colonized land in a series of stages and adaptations.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span title=\"Plants colonized land in a series of stages and adaptations.\">&#8212; As plantas colonizaram a terra em uma s\u00e9rie de est\u00e1gios adaptativos. <\/span><span title=\"This transformed the surface of the land, and allowed for animals of various groups to follow afterwards.\">Isso transformou profundamente a superf\u00edcie terrestre, e permitiu que os animais as seguissem;<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"For the first 100 million years or so of skeletonized animals, our own group (the vertebrates) were relatively rare and primarily suspension feeders.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span title=\"For the first 100 million years or so of skeletonized animals, our own group (the vertebrates) were relatively rare and primarily suspension feeders.\">&#8212; Para os primeiros 100 milh\u00f5es de anos de exist\u00eancia dos animais com alguma forma de esqueleto, o nosso pr\u00f3prio grupo (os vertebrados) foi relativamente raro e consistia puramente de formas que se alimantavam de mat\u00e9ria suspens\u00e3o. <\/span><span title=\"The evolution of jaws allowed our group to greatly diversify, and from that point onward vertebrates of some form or other have remained apex predators in most marine environments.\">A evolu\u00e7\u00e3o das mand\u00edbulas, no entanto, permitiu ao nosso grupo diversificar-se em profus\u00e3o, e a partir desse ponto em diante, os vertebrados &#8211; de uma forma ou outra &#8211; t\u00eam permanecido predadores na maioria dos ambientes marinhos;<\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; Florestas de plantas mais complexas &#8211; mais relacionadas \u00e0 vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o de pequeno porte de p\u00e2ntanos da atualidade &#8211; cobriram vastas regi\u00f5es das plan\u00edcies do Carbon\u00edfero. <\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; O soterramento desta vegeta\u00e7\u00e3o antes que ela entrasse em decaimento levou \u00e0 forma\u00e7\u00e3o de grande parte do carv\u00e3o que impulsionou a Revolu\u00e7\u00e3o Industrial e continua a alimentar o mundo moderno;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"While most of the coal swamp plants required a moist ground surface on which to propagate, one branch evolved a method of reproduction using a seed.\">&#8212; Enquanto que a maioria destas plantas carbon\u00edferas necessitava de uma superf\u00edcie \u00famida para se propagar, um ramo desenvolveu um m\u00e9todo de reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o utilizando sementes. <\/span><span title=\"This adaptation allowed them to colonize the interiors, and seed plants have long since become the dominant form of land plant.\">Esta adapta\u00e7\u00e3o lhes permitiu colonizar o interior dos continentes, e desde ent\u00e3o, as plantas com sementes tornaram-se a forma dominante de plantas terrestres;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; Nos p\u00e2ntanos carbon\u00edferos, um grupo de artr\u00f3podes (os insetos) adquiriu a capacidade de voar. Desde ponto em diante, os insetos tornaram-se um dos grupos mais comuns e diversos de animais terrestres; <\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; Os primeiros vertebrados terrestres comumente eram muito competentes em locomover-se em terra quando adultos, mas tipicamente deveriam voltar para a \u00e1gua para reproduzir-se. Nos p\u00e2ntanos carbon\u00edferos um ramo destes animais evoluiu um tipo de ovo especializado que permitiu a reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o independente da \u00e1gua;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; <span title=\"These new terrestrial vertebrates\u2014the amniotes\u2014diversified into many forms.\">Estas novas formas de vertebrados terrestres &#8211; os amniotas &#8211; diversificaram-se amplamente. <\/span><span title=\"Some included the ancestors of modern mammals; others the ancestors of today's reptiles (including birds).\">Algumas formas seriam os ancestrais dos mam\u00edferos modernos, enquanto que outros, os ancestrais dos r\u00e9pteis (incluindo as aves); <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"A tremendous extinction event, the largest in the age of animals, devastated the world about 252 million years ago.\">&#8212; Um evento de extin\u00e7\u00e3o enorme, o maior da hist\u00f3ria da vida na terra, devastou o mundo h\u00e1 cerca de 252 milh\u00f5es de anos atr\u00e1s. Ele foi c<\/span><span title=\"Caused by the effects and side-\neffects of tremendous volcanoes, it radically altered the composition of both marine and terrestrial communities.\">ausado pelos efeitos colaterais da erup\u00e7\u00e3o catastr\u00f3fica de vulc\u00f5es gigantes, e alterou radicalmente a composi\u00e7\u00e3o das comunidades marinhas e terrestres;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; No per\u00edodo ap\u00f3s a extin\u00e7\u00e3o Permo-Tri\u00e1ssica, os r\u00e9pteis (e, especialmente, um ramo que inclui os ancestrais dos crocodilos e dinossauros) tornaram-se um grupo diversificado e ecologicamente dominante em meio a nichos de grande porte;<\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"During the Triassic many of the distinctive lineages of the modern terrestrial world (including turtles, mammals, crocodile-like forms, lizard-like forms, etc.) appeared.\">&#8212; Durante o Tri\u00e1ssico, muitas das linhagens distintas de animais terrestres modernos (incluindo tartarugas, mam\u00edferos, crocodilomorfos, lagartos, etc) apareceram. <\/span><span title=\"Other groups that would be very important in the Mesozoic but would later disappear (such as pterosaurs and (in the seas) ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs) evolved at this time.\">Outros grupos que seriam muito importantes no Mesoz\u00f3ico, mas viriam a desaparecer ainda no final deste per\u00edodo (como os pterossauros e os ictiossauros e plesiossauros), evolu\u00edram tamb\u00e9m  neste momento. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Dinosaurs were initially a minor component of these Triassic communities.\">&#8212; Os dinossauros eram inicialmente um componente raro das comunidades terrestres no Tri\u00e1ssico. <\/span><span title=\"Only the tall, long-necked sauropodomorphs were ecologically diverse during this time among the various dinosaur branches.\">Somente os sauropodomorfos foram ecologicamente diversos durante este per\u00edodo. <\/span><span title=\"However, a mass extinction event at the end of the Triassic (essentially the Permo-Triassic extinction in miniature) allowed for the dinosaurs to diversify as their competitors had vanished.\">No entanto, um evento de extin\u00e7\u00e3o em massa no final do Tri\u00e1ssico (essencialmente a extin\u00e7\u00e3o Permo-Tri\u00e1ssico em miniatura) permitiu aos dinossauros diversificarem-se;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"During the Jurassic, dinosaurs diversified.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"During the Jurassic, dinosaurs diversified.\"><span title=\"During the Jurassic, dinosaurs diversified.\">&#8212; Durante o Jur\u00e1ssico os dinossauros diversificaram-se estrondosamente. <\/span><span title=\"Some grew to tremendous size; some evolved spectacular armor; some become the largest carnivorous land animals the world had seen by this point.\">Alguns adquiriram o gigantismo e outros evolu\u00edram armaduras espetaculares. Alguns tornaram-se os maiores predadores que j\u00e1 caminharam sobre a superf\u00edcie terrestre. <\/span><span title=\"Among smaller carnivorous dinosaurs, an insulating covering of feathers had evolved to cover the body (possibly from a more ancient form shared by all dinosaurs).\">Entre os pequenos dinossauros carn\u00edvoros, um revestimento isolante de penas evoluiu para cobrir o corpo (possivelmente de origem bastante antiga e compartilhada por todos os dinossauros). <\/span><span title=\"Among the feathered dinosaurs were the ancestors of the birds.\">Entre os dinossauros com penas, evolu\u00edram as aves;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Other terrestrial groups such as pterosaurs, crocodile-ancestors, mammals, and insects continued to diversify into new habits.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Other terrestrial groups such as pterosaurs, crocodile-ancestors, mammals, and insects continued to diversify into new habits.\">&#8212; Outros grupos terrestres, como os pterossauros, crocodilos terrestres, mam\u00edferos e insetos continuaram a diversificar-se em forma e h\u00e1bitos; <\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"During the Jurassic and (especially) the Cretaceous, a major transformation of marine life occurred.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span title=\"During the Jurassic and (especially) the Cretaceous, a major transformation of marine life occurred.\">&#8212; Durante o Jur\u00e1ssico e (sobretudo) o Cret\u00e1ceo, uma grande transforma\u00e7\u00e3o na vida marinha ocorreu. <\/span><span title=\"Green-algae phytoplankton were displaced by red-algae phytoplankton (which continue\nto dominate modern marine ecosystems).\">Algas verdes fitoplanct\u00f4nicas foram deslocadas pelas algas vermelhas (que continuam a dominar os ecossistemas marinhos modernos); e u<\/span><span title=\"A wide variety of new predators\u2014advanced sharks and rays, teleost fish, predatory snails, crustaceans with powerful claws, specialized echinoids, etc.\u2014appeared, and the sessile surface-dwelling suspension feeders that dominated the shallow marine communities since the Ordovician became far\">ma grande variedade de novos predadores &#8211; como tubar\u00f5es e arraias mais avan\u00e7ados, peixe tele\u00f3steos, moluscos, crust\u00e1ceos e equin\u00f3ides especializados &#8211; apareceram. Os animais s\u00e9sseis de ambientes marinhos rasos, que dominavam as comunidades marinhas desde o Ordoviciano, tornaram-se<\/span><span title=\"rarer.\"> raros e<\/span><span title=\"Instead, more mobile, swimming, or burrowing forms became more common.\">ormas m\u00f3veis, com nata\u00e7\u00e3o ativa, ou ainda animais escavadores de substrato tornaram-se mais comuns; <\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"During the Cretaceous one group of land-plants evolved flowers and fruit and thus tied their reproduction very closely with animals.\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span title=\"During the Cretaceous one group of land-plants evolved flowers and fruit and thus tied their reproduction very closely with animals.\">&#8212; Durante o Cret\u00e1ceo um grupo de plantas terrestres evoluiu as estruturas hoje chamadas de flores e frutos. Sua reprodu\u00e7\u00e3o estava estreitamente ligada a colabora\u00e7\u00e3o com animais. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Although not immediately ecologically dominant, this type of plants would eventually come to be the major land plant group.\">Embora n\u00e3o tenha se tornado imediatamente o grupo ecologicamente dominante, este tipo de planta viria a ser o principal componente vegetal dos ecossistemas terrestres; <\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"The impact of a giant asteroid\u2014coupled with other major on-going environmental changes\u2014brought an end to the Mesozoic.\">&#8212; O impacto de um aster\u00f3ide gigante, juntamente com outras grandes mudan\u00e7as ambientais que estavam em curso, trouxeram um fim para o Mesoz\u00f3ico. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Most large-bodied groups on land and sea, and many smaller bodied forms, disappeared.\">A maioria dos grupos de animais de grande porte em terra e mar, al\u00e9m de muitas formas pequenas, desapareceram. Os \u00fanicos dinossauros sobreviventes foram as aves;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"The beginning of the Cenozoic saw the establishment of mammals as the dominant group of large-bodied terrestrial vertebrates.\">&#8212; Durante o in\u00edcio do Cenoz\u00f3ico os mam\u00edferos se estabeleceram como o grupo dominante de  vertebrados terrestres de grande porte. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Early on mammals colonized both the sea and the air as well.\">Logo colonizaram tamb\u00e9m o ar e os oceanos;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"During its beginning the Cenozoic world was warm and wet, much like the Cretaceous.\">&#8212; Durante o in\u00edcio da Era Cenoz\u00f3ica, o mundo era quente e \u00famido, parecido com o Cret\u00e1ceo. <\/span><span title=\"However, a number of changes of the position of the continents and the rise of mountain ranges caused the climates to cool and dry.\">No entanto, uma s\u00e9rie de altera\u00e7\u00f5es na posi\u00e7\u00e3o dos continentes, e o surgimento de cadeias montanhosas, causaram um resfriamento global e o in\u00edcio de um per\u00edodo mais seco;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"As the world cooled and dried, great grasslands developed (first in South America, and later nearly all other continents).\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"As the world cooled and dried, great grasslands developed (first in South America, and later nearly all other continents).\">&#8212; Enquanto o mundo resfriava-se, enormes \u00e1reas de pastagens desenvolveram-se (primeiro na Am\u00e9rica do Sul, e mais tarde em quase todos os continentes);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Various groups of animals adapted to the new grassland conditions.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"Various groups of animals adapted to the new grassland conditions.\"><span title=\"Various groups of animals adapted to the new grassland conditions.\">&#8212; V\u00e1rios grupos de animais adaptados \u00e0s novas condi\u00e7\u00f5es desenvolveram-se. Os <\/span><span title=\"Herbivorous mammals became swift runners with deep-crowned teeth, often living in herds for protection.\">mam\u00edferos herb\u00edvoros tornaram-se corredores r\u00e1pidos, com denti\u00e7\u00f5es modificadas e organizados em bandos para prote\u00e7\u00e3o. Mam\u00edferos predad<br \/>\nores tamb\u00e9m tornaram-se mais r\u00e1pidos e alguns evolu\u00edram para formas grupos de ca\u00e7adores sociais.<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\">&#8212; Outras novas comunidades vegetais evolu\u00edram, assim como suas comunidades animais associadas. A ascens\u00e3o das pradarias modernas (forma\u00e7\u00f5es vegetacionais dominadas por gram\u00edneas)  deu suporte a diversifica\u00e7\u00e3o de roedores, sapos, r\u00e3s, cobras, aves canoras, entre outros;<\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"A group of arboreal mammals with very big brains, complex social communities, and gripping hands\u2014the primates\u2014produced many forms.\">&#8212; Um grupo de mam\u00edferos arbor\u00edcolas com c\u00e9rebros muito grandes, complexas comunidades sociais, e polegares opositores &#8211; os primatas &#8211; evoluiu para diversas formas. <\/span><span title=\"In Africa one branch of these evolved to live at mixed forest-grassland margins, and from this branch evolved some who became fully upright and moved out into the grasslands.\">Na \u00c1frica, um ramo destes animais adaptou-se para viver \u00e0s margens de florestas, em \u00e1reas mistas com pastagem e, a partir deste ramo, evolu\u00edram alguns que se tornaram b\u00edpedes;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span title=\"This group of primates retained and advanced the ability to use stone tools that its forest-dwelling ancestors already had.\">&#8212; Este grupo de primatas reteve e desenvolveu ainda mais a capacidade de usar ferramentas de pedra, que seus antepassados florestais j\u00e1 produziam. <\/span><span title=\"Many branches evolved, and some developed even larger brains and more complex tools.\">Muitas linhagens de primatas b\u00edpedes evolu\u00edram e algumas desenvolveram c\u00e9rebros ainda maiores, associados a capacidade de produzir ferramentas mais complexas. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"It is from among these that the ancestors of modern humans and other close relatives evolved, and eventually spread out from Africa to other regions of the planet.\">\u00c9 entre estes animais que os ancestrais dos humanos modernos e de outros parentes pr\u00f3ximos evoluiram, e eventualmente se espalharam para fora da \u00c1frica, por todas as regi\u00f5es do planeta. <\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span title=\"About 2.6 million years ago a number of factors led to ice age conditions, where glaciers advanced and retreated.\">&#8212; Cerca de 2,6 milh\u00f5es de anos atr\u00e1s uma s\u00e9rie de fatores levou \u00e0 condi\u00e7\u00f5es glaciais. <\/span><span title=\"Various groups of animals evolved adaptations for these new cold climates.\">V\u00e1rios grupos de animais desenvolveram adapta\u00e7\u00f5es para climas frios;<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\">&#8212; Os primeiros seres humanos conseguiram colonizar grande parte do planeta e logo ap\u00f3s sua chegada aos novos mundos, quase todas as esp\u00e9cies da fauna de grande porte nativa desapareceram;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"At some point before the common ancestor of all modern humans spread across the planet, the ability to have very complex symbolic language evolved.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span title=\"At some point before the common ancestor of all modern humans spread across the planet, the ability to have very complex symbolic language evolved.\"><span title=\"At some point before the common ancestor of all modern humans spread across the planet, the ability to have very complex symbolic language evolved.\">&#8212; Em algum momento antes do ancestral comum de todos os seres humanos modernos se espalharem pelo planeta, a capacidade de ter uma linguagem complexa e simb\u00f3lica evoluiu. <\/span><span title=\"This led to many, many technological and cultural diversifications which changed much faster than the biology of the humans themselves.\">Isto levou a muitas, muitas diversifica\u00e7\u00f5es tecnol\u00f3gicas e culturais que mudaram muito mais r\u00e1pido do que a biologia do pr\u00f3prio homem;<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"In western Asia and northern Africa (and eventually in other regions), modern humans developed techniques to grow food under controlled circumstances, leading to true agriculture.\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"In western Asia and northern Africa (and eventually in other regions), modern humans developed techniques to grow food under controlled circumstances, leading to true agriculture.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"In western Asia and northern Africa (and eventually in other regions), modern humans developed techniques to grow food under controlled circumstances, leading to true agriculture.\">&#8212; Na \u00c1sia ocidental e norte da \u00c1frica (e eventualmente em outras regi\u00f5es), os seres humanos modernos desenvolveram t\u00e9cnicas para cultivar alimentos em condi\u00e7\u00f5es controladas, levando \u00e0 verdadeira agricultura <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(Other cultures are known to have independently evolved proto-agricultural techniques).\">(Em outras culturas s\u00e3o conhecidos por terem evolu\u00eddo de forma independente t\u00e9cnicas proto-agr\u00edcolas);<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"(NOTE: as the idea of this list is that it should be aimed at the general public, I have tried to avoid technical terminology where possible.)\"><span style=\"background-color: white;font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\" title=\"That every living species, and every living individual, has a common ancestor with all other species and individuals at some point in the History of Life.\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"This Neolithic revolution allowed for the development of more settled communities, specialization of individual skills within a community (including soldiers, metallurgists, potters, priests, rulers, and with the rise of writing, scribes).\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8212; Esta revolu\u00e7\u00e3o neol\u00edtica permitiu o desenvolvimento de comunidades sedent\u00e1rias e a especializa\u00e7\u00e3o das compet\u00eancias individuais dentro de uma comunidade (incluindo soldados, os metal\u00fargicos, os oleiros, os sacerdotes, governantes e com o surgimento da escrita, os escribas);<\/div>\n<p><\/span><span title=\"From this point we begin to get a written record, and so the historians can take up the story\u2026\"><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\">&#8212; A partir deste ponto, come\u00e7amos a obter um registro escrito, e assim os historiadores podem tomar conta da hist\u00f3ria &#8230; <\/div>\n<p><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><span class=\"Apple-style-span\" style=\"font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif\"><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"This list is obviously not comprehensive, and there are many elements that I had to ignore to keep it relatively short.\">Esta lista n\u00e3o \u00e9 abrangente, obviamente, e existem muitos elementos que eu tive que ignorar para mant\u00ea-la relativamente curta. <\/span><span style=\"background-color: white\" title=\"Still, I hope this overview helps put where we as a species fit into the larger perspective of Life's long voyage, a voyage that could only have been traced by the study of fossils.\">Ainda assim, espero que este vislumbre ajude a nos colocar onde nos encaixamos como esp\u00e9cie numa perspectiva mais ampla da longa jornada da Vida. Uma jornada que s\u00f3 poderia ter sido tra\u00e7ada pelo estudo dos f\u00f3sseis.<\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<div style=\"text-align: justify\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&gt; Uma boa pergunta! Dr. Thomas Holtz aceita o desafio responde com uma lista de conceitos chave baseado na sua experi\u00eancia como professor de paleontologia e geologia hist\u00f3rica. Dr. Thomas Holtz discorre sobre a vis\u00e3o binocular de Tyrannosaurus. Fonte: http:\/\/forgottenarchosaurs.blogspot.com\/ O texto original est\u00e1 em ingl\u00eas e \u00e9 retransmitido a partir do link abaixo: \u201cWhat &hellip; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/2011\/02\/11\/o-que-todo-mundo-deveria-saber-sobre-paleontologia\/\" class=\"more-link\">Continue lendo <span class=\"screen-reader-text\">&#062;&#034;O que todo mundo deveria saber sobre paleontologia??&#034;<\/span> <span class=\"meta-nav\">&rarr;<\/span><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":489,"featured_media":61,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"pgc_sgb_lightbox_settings":"","_vp_format_video_url":"","_vp_image_focal_point":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[65],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-60","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paleontologia-geral"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/243\/2012\/01\/100_0382.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/489"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=60"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/60\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/61"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=60"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=60"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.blogs.unicamp.br\/colecionadores\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=60"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}